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Beyond Tourism Destination Image: Mapping country image from a psychological perspective
Get PDFTo explore the structure of place image, this study maps consumer respondents’ mental schemata of place-related associations. An Integrated Schema of Place Image is developed through a process of categorizing and coding verbatim responses collected through a survey of Canadian consumers, to capture their Tourism Destination Image (TDI) and General Country Image (GCI) of the U.S. In the respondent’s mind, the U.S. image is most strongly associated with Country Characteristics (30% of responses), notably place names (e.g. New York). Canadians tend to associate country characteristics strongly with TDI, and also moderately with GCI. This suggests that change of the perceived overall characteristics of the U.S. could significantly influence both its GCI and TDI
The Role of Behavioural Activation and Inhibition in Advertising Appeals
Get PDFAdvertising appeals are central to the effectiveness of advertising and have been studied extensively. However, past research has focused primarily on examining the effects of one or another type of appeal on consumers, and little is known about the concept of an advertising appeal itself. As part of a broader program intended to address this gap, this paper examines the role of underlying motivational forces in the development of consumer attributions regarding advertising appeals. More specifically, we are centrally concerned with examining under what conditions emotion states, personality traits, and underlying motivations may lead to product judgements and subsequent (purchase) behaviour
An Exploratory Study on the Role of Familiarity in Product Evaluations
Get PDFThere is growing interest among researchers working in the areas of product-country image effects, and more generally international consumer behaviour, in the potential relationship between consumers’ familiarity with, and evaluation of, products from various countries. We use data from a consumer survey in Hungary to attempt an initial exploration of this relationship. The data support findings from earlier similar studies but also suggest that affective considerations may be playing a considerable role in the evaluations of domestic products, and that the relationship of familiarity with product evaluations may vary significantly from country to country and may not be as strong as previously thought
Old country passions: an international examination of country image, animosity, and affinity among ethnic consumers
Get PDFEthnic consumers are an important market segment in both traditionally multicultural countries as well as newer recipients of growing immigration movements. Such consumers may carry with them views toward "old friends and foes" which may influence their attitudes toward the products of countries perceived as friendly or hostile in relation to their original home countries. This study examines together for the first time four place-related constructs, namely, country and people images, product images, affinity, and animosity, and their potential effects on purchase intentions, juxtaposing these measures against views toward countries that may be perceived as friendly or hostile from the perspective of the ethnic consumers' homeland, alongside a neutral "benchmark" country for comparison. The results show that country/people and product images, affinity, and animosity work differently depending on the target country, product and people evaluations are influenced by both affective and cognitive factors, and attitudes vary in their predictive ability on purchase intentions, sometimes in line with earlier findings and sometimes not. Implications and directions for future research are discussed
The Hitchhiker's Guide to Facebook Web Tracking with Invisible Pixels and Click IDs
Full text linkOver the past years, advertisement companies have used various tracking
methods to persistently track users across the web. Such tracking methods
usually include first and third-party cookies, cookie synchronization, as well
as a variety of fingerprinting mechanisms. Facebook (FB) recently introduced a
new tagging mechanism that attaches a one-time tag as a URL parameter (FBCLID)
on outgoing links to other websites. Although such a tag does not seem to have
enough information to persistently track users, we demonstrate that despite its
ephemeral nature, when combined with FB Pixel, it can aid in persistently
monitoring user browsing behavior across i) different websites, ii) different
actions on each website, iii) time, i.e., both in the past as well as in the
future. We refer to this online monitoring of users as FB web tracking. We find
that FB Pixel tracks a wide range of user activities on websites with alarming
detail, especially on websites classified as sensitive categories under GDPR.
Also, we show how the FBCLID tag can be used to match, and thus de-anonymize,
activities of online users performed in the distant past (even before those
users had a FB account) tracked by FB Pixel. In fact, by combining this tag
with cookies that have rolling expiration dates, FB can also keep track of
users' browsing activities in the future as well. Our experimental results
suggest that 23% of the 10k most popular websites have adopted this technology,
and can contribute to this activity tracking on the web. Furthermore, our
longitudinal study shows that this type of user activity tracking can go as far
back as 2015. Simply said, if a user creates for the first time a FB account
today, FB could, under some conditions, match their anonymously collected past
web browsing activity to their newly created FB profile, from as far back as
2015 and continue tracking their activity in the future
FNDaaS: Content-agnostic Detection of Fake News sites
Full text linkAutomatic fake news detection is a challenging problem in misinformation
spreading, and it has tremendous real-world political and social impacts. Past
studies have proposed machine learning-based methods for detecting such fake
news, focusing on different properties of the published news articles, such as
linguistic characteristics of the actual content, which however have
limitations due to the apparent language barriers. Departing from such efforts,
we propose FNDaaS, the first automatic, content-agnostic fake news detection
method, that considers new and unstudied features such as network and
structural characteristics per news website. This method can be enforced
as-a-Service, either at the ISP-side for easier scalability and maintenance, or
user-side for better end-user privacy. We demonstrate the efficacy of our
method using data crawled from existing lists of 637 fake and 1183 real news
websites, and by building and testing a proof of concept system that
materializes our proposal. Our analysis of data collected from these websites
shows that the vast majority of fake news domains are very young and appear to
have lower time periods of an IP associated with their domain than real news
ones. By conducting various experiments with machine learning classifiers, we
demonstrate that FNDaaS can achieve an AUC score of up to 0.967 on past sites,
and up to 77-92% accuracy on newly-flagged ones
Place image and place branding : What the data tells us
Get PDFOf the two co-authors of this article, the first has led a long-term research program and participated in a large number of additional studies on these issues, involving numerous co-researchers in various countries, and the second is a newer lead member of the team that is working on the next wave of research in this field. This international group has studied place images and their effects since the early 1980s, and place branding since it emerged some 15 years ago. During this period, more than 80 studies have been carried out, resulting in over 100 publications arising from both conceptual as well as field research with over 22,000 consumers, investors, tourists, and others in almost 25 countries. After highlighting the nature and importance of this area as a field of practice and study, the goal of this article is to summarize key findings, and draw implications from, this research program
Guard time optimisation and adaptation for energy efficient multi-hop TSCH networks
Get PDFInternational audienceIn the IEEE 802.15.4-2015 standard, Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) aims to guarantee high-level network reliability by keeping nodes time-synchronised. In order to ensure successful communication between a sender and a receiver, the latter starts listening shortly before the expected time of a MAC layer frame's arrival. The offset between the time a node starts listening and the estimated time of frame arrival is called guard time and it aims to reduce the probability of missed frames due to clock drift. In this paper, we investigate the impact of the guard time on network performance. We identify that, when using the 6tisch minimal schedule, the most significant cause of energy consumption is idle listening during guard time. Therefore, we first perform mathematical modelling on a TSCH link to identify the guard time that maximises the energy-efficiency of the TSCH network in single hop topology. We then continue in multi-hop network, where we empirically adapt the guard time locally at each node depending its distance, in terms of hops, from the sink. Our performance evaluation results, conducted using the Contiki OS, demonstrate that the proposed decentralised guard time adaptation can reduce the energy consumption by up to 40%, without compromising network reliability
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